ISSN 1993-0909 e-ISSN 2663-3116  
en English
Submit an article
Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine

Article

Download article

Risks of Digitalization and Partnership: Legal Aspects

Oksana Maryanovna Vinnik , Maryna M. Velykanova

Received 16.01.2026, Revised 16.02.2026, Accepted 31.03.2026

Abstract

The article explores the category of risk within modern social relations, which have become significantly more complex under the influence of global digitalization and the full-scale aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine. The study emphasizes the necessity of developing a new legal toolkit for risk management that poses threats to national security and economic stability. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for improving Ukrainian legislation to minimize the negative consequences of risks associated with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) and the execution of public-private partnership (PPP) projects during the period of war and post-war reconstruction. The research employs a complex of general scientific and specialized methods, in particular: the dialectical method – to reveal the essence of risk; the comparative-legal method – to analyze the alignment of Ukrainian legislation with EU Regulations (the AI Act and Regulation 2021/2085); and the predictive method – to model the effects of introducing new investment forms. The authors justify the necessity of adapting European experience (the AI Act) to Ukrainian realities by introducing a classification of artificial intelligence systems based on their risk level and enshrining individual "digital rights" within the Civil Code of Ukraine. The study points out the deficiencies of the current Law of Ukraine "On Public-Private Partnership," which is limited solely to the contractual form of partnership. The advantages of the institutional form of public-private partnership (the creation of joint ventures) are proven, which would allow for the involvement of friendly states as public partners. This approach will ensure transparency, strengthen control over the targeted use of funds, and minimize corruption risks. It is concluded that minimizing modern risks requires a systemic update of legislation. It is proposed to expand the composition of public partners in public-private partnership projects and to introduce mechanisms for the allocation of liability for damage caused by autonomous artificial intelligence systems.

Keywords:

private law; public-private partnership; European integration; artificial intelligence; risk; liability; private law relations; protection of rights; investments

https://doi.org/10.31359/1993-0909-2026-33-1-220

Retrieved from Journal NALSU №1, 2026 year

Pages 220-238

References Suggested citation

References

[1] Tsopa, V. (2023). Identification and classification of risks. Quality Expert. Retrieved from https://qualityexpert.com.ua/articles/657215-identyfikatsiya-i-klasyfikatsiya-ryzykiv

[2] Civil Code of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine. (2003, January). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15

[3] Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine. (2004, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1618-15#Text

[4] Scientific and Practical Commentary to the Civil Code of Ukraine (Article 842). Protocol. Retrieved from https://protocol.ua/ua/tsivilniy_kodeks_ukraini_stattya_842/

[5] National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine. (2025). Corruption in the energy sector during the war: Organized group exposed. Retrieved from https://nabu.gov.ua/news/koruptciia-v-energetytci-pid-chas-viyiny-vykryto-organizovanu-grupu/

[6] Forbes Ukraine. (2025). Most Ukrainians believe corruption has increased since the start of the full-scale invasion – KIIS. Retrieved from https://forbes.ua/news/bilshist-ukraintsiv-vvazhayut-shcho-z-pochatku-povnomasshtabnogo-vtorgnennya-riven-koruptsii-zris-opituvannya-kmis-03102025-33099

[7] Herasymenko, P. (2025). Corruption during the war. Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Retrieved from https://ukrnationalism.com/publications/5750-koruptsiia-pid-chas-viiny.html

[8] Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689

[9] Velykanova, M.M. (2019). Risks in Сivil Law: Monograph. Alerta.

[10] Andreyeva, O.V. (2015). Risk in contractual obligations (Candidate dissertation). Retrieved from https://scc.knu.ua/upload/iblock/e8d/dis_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%9E.%D0%92..pdf

[11] Ivanov, A.M., Ivanyuk, A.O., & Shymbaryov, V.O. (2021). Essence and legal nature of risk in construction contracts. Juridical Scientific Electronic Journal, (11), 170-172. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-11/40

[12] Dubytska, N.T. (2021). Risk and liability in private law. Kyiv University of Law Journal, (2), 197-201. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2021.39

[13] Skrynkovskyy, R., & Tyrkalo, Y. (2021). Entrepreneurial risks: Essence, types, assessment methods and ways to reduce them. Traektoriâ Nauki = Path of Science, 7(12), 2015-2023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.77-11

[14] Velykanova, M.M. (2020). Artificial intelligence: Legal problems and risks. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, (4), 185-198. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.27(4).2020.185-198

[15] Vinnyk, O. (2025). Relations regarding modern technologies, risks in their use and strategic partnership in the perspective of improving legal regulation in accordance with the European integration course of Ukraine. In Adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the provisions of European Union law (pp. 42-46). Yurydyka.

[16] Noworries News. (2025). Scientists predict that humanity will lose control over artificial intelligence as early as 2026. Retrieved from https://noworries.news/vcheni-prognozuyut-shho-lyudstvo-vtratyt-kontrol-nad-shtuchnym-intelektom-vzhe-u-2026-roczi/

[17] Semenyuta, I. (2025). Digital Security Lab presented an action plan for the implementation of the AI Act in Ukraine. Detector Media. Retrieved from https://ms.detector.media/withoutsection/post/38746/2025-12-17-laboratoriya-tsyfrovoi-bezpeky-predstavyla-plan-diy-shchodo-vprovadzhennya-aktu-pro-shi-v-ukraini/

[18] Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine. (2026). Recommendations for the responsible development of systems using artificial intelligence technologies. https://storage.thedigital.gov.ua/files/8/e8/da2197e1f813b2c5d29294e1ba580e8b.pdf

[19] Council Regulation (EU) 2021/2085 of 19 November 2021 establishing the Joint Undertakings under Horizon Europe. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02021R2085-20230921

[20] On Public-Private Partnership: Law of Ukraine. (2025, June). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4510-20

[21] On approval of the Strategy for digital development of innovative activity of Ukraine for the period until 2030: Order Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2024, December, No. 1351-r). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1351-2024-р

[22] Government Portal. (2025). Safe AI for millions of Ukrainians: Ukraine signed the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights. Retrieved from https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/bezpechnyi-shi-dlia-milioniv-ukraintsiv-ukraina-pidpysala-ramkovu-konventsiiu-pro-shtuchnyi-intelekt-ta-prava-liudyny

[23] Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine. (2024). White Paper on AI Regulation in Ukraine. Retrieved from https://cms.thedigital.gov.ua/storage/uploads/files/page/community/docs/Регулювання%20ШІ.pdf

[24] Zabokrytskyy, I.I. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) as the basis for legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the EU: Overview of the main provisions. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, (3), 282-286. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.03.3.44

[25] The Concept of updating the Civil Code of Ukraine. (2020). ArtEk.

[26] On State-Private Partnership: Law of Ukraine. (2010, July). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2404-17

[27] The White House. (2022). National Security Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf

[28] Government of Japan. (2022). National Security Strategy of Japan. Retrieved from https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/siryou/221216anzenhoshou/nss-e.pdf

[29] Government of the United Kingdom. (2022). National Cyber Strategy 2022. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-cyber-strategy-2022

[30] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. (2023). Security Strategy of the Czech Republic 2023. Retrieved from https://mzv.gov.cz/file/5119429/MZV_BS_A4_brochure_WEB_ENG.pdf

[31] European Commission. (2024). European Chips Act. Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act

[32] Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. (2024). AFU identify thousands of targets every month with the help of artificial intelligence. Retrieved from https://flot2017.com/zsu-shchomisiatsia-vyiavliaiut-tysiachi-tsilej-za-dopomohoiu-shtuchnoho-intelektu-minoborony/

[33] Ostashchenko, T. (2023, August 2). NATO countries listen to the experience of our combat medics and therefore update their standards. ArmyInform. Retrieved from https://armyinform.com.ua/2023/08/02/krayiny-nato-dosluhayutsya-do-dosvidu-nashyh-bojovyh-medykiv-i-tomu-onovlyuyut-svoyi-standarty-tetyana-ostashhenko/

[34] Voice of America. (2024). How the war in Ukraine became a "laboratory" for innovation and testing of Western weapons. Retrieved from https://www.holosameryky.com/a/ukraiina-zakhidna-zbroia-vyprobuvannia/6919181.html

[35] Fedorov, M. (2024). Our task in the technological war is to constantly generate innovations. Government Portal. Retrieved from https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/nashe-zavdannia-v-tekhnolohichnii-viini-postiino-heneruvaty-innovatsii-mykhailo-fedorov

[36] Constitution of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine. (1996, June). Retrieved from https://constitution.in.ua/

[37] Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and the Government of the United States of America on the establishment of the American-Ukrainian Investment Fund for Reconstruction (2024). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/840_001-25#Text

Suggested citation

Oksana Maryanovna Vinnik , & Maryna M. Velykanova (2026). Risks of Digitalization and Partnership: Legal Aspects. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 33(1), 220-238. https://doi.org/10.31359/1993-0909-2026-33-1-220